Crime And The Built Environment Criminology Essay

Crime And The Built Environment Criminology Essay This research proposal of the theoretical comprehensive based study will explore the relationship between the built environment and crime. Due to increasing urbanization of the world and better data collation techniques coupled with most of the worlds populous being policed by varying degrees of law and order organizations such as the police or religious volunteers, the collation of crime statistics has reached a level of recording and sophistication not afforded to many other human actions. Invariably due to urbanization most crimes take place in the built environment and this has given rise to theories by social researchers, urban planners and politicians which explicitly imply that the built environment has got a part to play in criminal activity. The two statements below underline this thinking by those who have carried out research in this area. The physical environment can exert a direct influence on crime settings by delineating territories, reducing or increasing accessibility by the creation or elimination of boundaries and circulation networks, and by facilitating surveillance by the citizenry and the police. Angel (1968) Historically, social scientists have argued that human behaviour is, to a large degree, a response to environmental conditions. Recently, a group of criminologists posited a direct relationship between certain environmental structures and reported crime rates. Studies exploring this area have pointed to the association between crime rates and high rise residences as support for their position.Using victimization techniques, the experiences of residents of several high and low rise structures in a traditionally low crime area such as the college campus were investigated..Although causality cannot be inferred from the findings, a positive association was observed between high rise areas and property crime rates. (Bynum pages 179-180) This proposal seeks to look at the connection between the built environment and crime by taking three subheadings to act as the aims of the research and act as a pole so that the proposal does not veer off the aims and objectives. The concept map (appendix 1) has focused the research and given the objectives and aims the necessary fields from which the aims and objectives can be realised. These three aims are: Cause: Is the design of the modern built environment the high rise blocks, densities of up to 9,639.0/sq  mi, (District of Colombia), the pace of life, no feeling of citizenship between inhabitants, the gap between the rich and poor which is wider in cities than in the countryside a cause of crime. In short the premise to be answered is that does living in a built environment make you more likely to commit a crime. Facilitator: Does the design of the modern built environment afford criminals the opportunity to carry out criminal enterprises. Does the design, dark alleys, maze of streets, blind spots, decreased surveillance by natural sight make it an aide to the opportunist criminal who can take advantage of local knowledge e.g. escape routes and shortcuts. And if the built environment is designed better will it lead to a reduction in crime. This theory has its proponents as is evidenced by the statement below. Jefferys CPTED concept arose out of his experiences with a rehabilitative project in Washington, D.C. that attempted to control the school environment of juveniles in the area. Rooted deeply in the psychological learning theory of B.F. Skinner, Jefferys CPTED approach emphasized the role of the physical environment in the development of pleasurable and painful experiences for the offender that would have the capacity to alter behavioural outcomes. His original CPTED model was a stimulus-response (S-R) model positing that the organism learned from punishments and reinforcements in the environment. Jeffery emphasized material rewards . . . and the use of the physical environment to control behaviour (Jeffery and Zahm, 1993:330). The major idea here was that by removing the reinforcements for crime, it would not occur. (Robinson, 1996) The Human Condition: This premise asks the question that is it just the human condition that is the cause of crime and that crimes will be committed whatever the design of the built environment and that it is the thinking that needs to change as is expounded by: The environment never influences behaviour directly, but only through the brain. Any model of crime prevention must include both the brain and the physical environment. Because the approach contained in Jefferys CPTED model is today based on many fields, including scientific knowledge of modern brain sciences, a focus on only external environmental crime prevention is inadequate as it ignores another entire dimension of CPTED i.e., the internal environment. (Robinson, 1996) The aims above will help to describe the development of the understanding between crime and the built environment, however more importantly they will help to illustrate the difference of opinion in the subject of different practitioners and give the research paper material to further develop, analyse, compare and justify the research. The above aims when researched will lead to answers which are subjective to the reader. The main objectives of this research proposal are: 1) To expand the understanding and broaden the thinking of practitioners of the built environment to views that they would not normally consider such as that human behaviour is affected by more complex internal structures rather than a simplistic approach of blaming external built structures on modes of behaviour. 2) The research proposes to add another dimension to the connection of crime and the built environment and the wider debate, the dimension of ethics, belief and morality. 3) The research aims to test this notion that stronger religious beliefs will lead to less crime by comparing two distinct communities both racially and in religious belief residing in the same city of Birmingham in almost similar built environments. These two communities are the overall majority in each area of the city the first being the ward of Aston and the second being Stechford. The census information and latest crime figures are attached (Appendix 2). Literature Review. The research will revolve around analysing, criticising and defining literature written by a plethora of commentators, researchers and practitioners in the field of the built environment, illustrating how it developed why it still needs to go further and how this research can add to this. The main focus of the literature review will be theories expounded by papers written and books published by the CPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) formulated by criminologist C RAY Jeffrey. As far back as 1968 this theory was studied by Schlomo Angel. The physical environment can exert a direct influence on crime settings by delineating territories, reducing or increasing accessibility by the creation or elimination of boundaries and circulation networks, and by facilitating surveillance by the citizenry and the police. (Schlomo Angel, 1968) Other commentators added to this by saying: Historically, social scientists have argued that human behaviour is, to a large degree, a response to environmental conditions. Recently, a group of criminologists posited a direct relationship between certain environmental structures and reported crime rates. Studies exploring this area have pointed to the association between crime rates and high rise residences as support for their position.Using victimization techniques, the experiences of residents of several high and low rise structures in a traditionally low crime area such as the college campus were investigated..Although causality cannot be inferred from the findings, a positive association was observed between high rise areas and property crime rates. (Bynum 1984) However the research moved on and new literature published opened up new ideas and thinking into the subject. The CPTED model evolved and the new thinking was that: The environment never influences behaviour directly, but only through the brain. Any model of crime prevention must include both the brain and the physical environment. Because the approach contained in Jefferys CPTED model is today based on many fields, including scientific knowledge of modern brain sciences, a focus on only external environmental crime prevention is inadequate as it ignores another entire dimension of CPTED i.e., the internal environment. (Robinson, 1996) In a space of less than thirty years the whole thinking has changed and the recognition that not only the external environment needs to change but internal changes need to take place. However the internal environment under examination needs to be further developed in the sense that how the internal environment i.e. beliefs resulting in better morals and ethics can help to prevent crime in the built environment. This research will be making a start in this new field. METHODOLOGY The main core of the research will consist of reference to secondary sources thus the research will take on a quantitative nature. Qualitative research has not been ruled out as this is an area with limited knowledge. This will take place in the form of a primary approach to the research by interviewing one of the 13 Crime Prevention Design Officers employed by the West Midlands Police and conducting the interview on the basis of gauging personal experience of crime in architecturally similar neighbourhoods populated by distinct communities who believe in and operate within the confines of separate moral and ethical value systems which may be very similar but adherence is stricter in one community than the other. This research can be viewed as exploratory in nature. (Naoum 1998) Interrogation and comparative analysis West Midlands Police crime statistics and also census statistics of the two wards selected will establish where there is a difference and ask why, is there is a certain religious prohibition is one community that doesnt t exist in the other. Problems in this type of research are that the reliability of the data can be questioned or the recording method of crime statistics can be questioned or for that argument the recording method of any set of statistics (Kumar 2005) however due to the strict guidelines under which this date is collated there is little danger of that. Conclusion The research will develop via an extensive reading list and research on not just planning and built environment but also crime how its increased and how religious belief is on the decrease. The research will initially be a desk based exercise and the primary research aspect will come into the study when the 3rd notion is written on and the input of the Crime Prevention Design Officer is included in reference to an interview which will ask for expansion of explanation on crime figures of the two neighbourhoods. The research findings may prove to be controversial if the notion tested is correct however the main problem is to present the information in a concise manner which will give rise to further enquiry. Findings should give impetus to researchers to conduct research on a wider basis i.e. comparing crime in urban environments in New York and New Delhi for example. The main tasks to be completed can be viewed on the Gantt chart attached (appendix 3). The main crux of this study and the overall aim is to add another dimension to the debate in the guise of a moral and ethical dimension to the built environment and crime. The findings once established will either reinforce the current view that crime in the built environment can only reduce by better and intelligent design, or it will give credence to the new ideas that you cannot simply design your way out of crime in the built environment but something more fundamental, the human condition needs to change and that crime prevention by environmental design (CPTED) although useful is not the final answer.

Promote equality and inclusion in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings Essay

1. Explain what is meant by Diversity, Equality and Inclusion Equality Equality is the term for treating people fairly and offering the same chances, it’s not all about treating everyone in the same way, but recognising everyone is different, and they all have very different needs, but making sure they are met. These different needs could be race, age, physical health, mental health, gender, sexual orientation, beliefs and creeds. In the workplace, there are many service users, 13 altogether, and each of them have a variety of needs. Some with dementia, others with epilepsy, a group of down syndrome, people of the age of 20 rights through to 70, people with diabetes. DiversityWhere equality is about recognising differences, diversity is about valuing these differences, for example not to along ago a service user came in on respite, he was of an Islamic background. With this there were certain values that came part and parcel of the religion, these were the consumption of Halal meat, praying five times a day and wearing specific clothing. InclusionInclusion is the term used to define the ability to adapt and place measures so that everyone, no matter what their needs are they can participate. see more:equality and diversity in health and social care Many service users hope and want to lead extremely active lifestyles. So with regards to an activity such as the gym, as part of our responsibility 2. Describe the potential effects of discrimination To see the possible effects of discrimination fully, it’s best to look at how it affects from a holistic perspective. With regards to discrimination affecting physical health, this can be a by product of stress and depression. A lot of physical problems can be stress induced such sleeplessness and from this you can end up with a lack of energy, headaches, ulcers. Depression can affect eating habits, getting into the routine of comfort eating; this then would cause weight problems. For those suffering from severe depression it can lead to self harm. From this you can get a massive lack in confidence in one’s own ability, this can then begin to impede on emotional aspects and mental well being. One can almost feel that they lack a voice or authority, a feeling of people unwilling to listen to them. Inducing low self esteem, insecurity, lack of confidence and sudden changes in behaviour. Social effects can include isolation, lack of friends, withdrawing one’s self from society, unrecognized as an individual, feel like a stranger and inability to build relationships. If being discriminated against, the intellectual effects can be massively restricted; this could be a lack of access to education, leading to poor grades in exams or portfolios, a loss of motivation which can impede a wide variety of skills and a lack of self belief. 3. Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity As my role of activities co-ordinator it is absolutely vital that the service users like you or I have the same opportunities. One activity where the organisation is clearly demonstrating is a club called Gresford Scottish Bowls. This club is unique in the sense that there are only about 3 in the UK. However it is not an exclusively LD group. The club opened its doors to about 5 service users. It is a game intricate skill, now it is very rare, and I have had lots of problems with group allowing service users to join. The service users have taken to it very well, one is a sub-skip of a team, one service user won the singles championship. By allowing them this opportunity it breaks the negative barrier held by mainstream society and in this example by including them they have an equal opportunity, and demonstrate that they are more than capable of holding their own. Another example is getting two service users enrolled into the local college, it is a basic human right that every human is allowed to have an education. Though specific measures need to be taken, such as support staff, assistance with the work, they get that equal opportunity. On a larger scale however, the organisation has just taken a massive step forward. This is to do with the funding for one on one hours. The manager has managed to gain equal one on one hours for every service user. This means that for once in the organisations existence they can provide an equal service, to each individual and the will all have an equal amount of support. This is demonstrates inclusive practice leading to equality, however each set of hours can be different for each service user which embraces diversity.

General Essay Topics with Answers: No Longer a Mystery

General Essay Topics with Answers: No Longer a Mystery The essay questions are broken up into common PTE Essay writing. There are a few commonalities across each one of the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the fact that each and every task asks you to take a look at some type of argument and analyze it. Unlike in different essays, writing narrative essays enable the writer to use a very first person point of view as it is based on personal experiences. Perhaps, writing argumentative essays isn't that an effortless endeavor. You first have to ascertain the reason behind your essay, before it is possible to write persuasive content about it. The following thing is to find out more about the material for your company essay. You will obviously not have the capacity to predict the specific topic that will come up. If you're genuinely interested in a topic then it is a lot simpler to study and you aren't as likely to stop. Essay writing is definitely thought to be part of academic life and essay writing demands certain abilities or the area of the writer. Essay plans can be useful in reminding you of important points that may be used to cover in your essay. Then your thesis should outline precisely what you feel about the issue. If there's absolutely no disagreement concerning a subject, there isn't any point in writing a persuasive essay. The point is that someone with a wide ranging vocabulary needs to be in a position to chat about any of the typical essay topics easily using words that are particular to that topic. There are different ways of writing an essay but the fundamental structure stays the same. At that stage, you can begin writing full length practice essays. What Everybody Dislikes About General Essay Topics with Answers and Why You're basically attempting to win acceptance of your ideas from folks who might not necessarily agree with your perception on a specific thing. On the flip side, it's normal for students to use quotations as a sort of cop-out, or a means of avoiding constructing the sort of well-crafted introduction a top-quality essay demands. Be clear in your thoughts about the point that you want to make. The point here is to understand what you're going to write before wri ting it. Not only does bad spelling make you appear unprofessional, additionally, it provides the reader the impression you don't understand what you are speaking about. Ensure your very first sentence demonstrates the good and the terrible things behind your specific subject of choice. Also, make sure to check at the word in a sentence to be mindful of the way it relates to other words. Different significance of a particular word depends upon the group of individuals who uses it. General Essay Topics with Answers and General Essay Topics with Answers - The Perfect Combination To be great at public speaking, you need to have the ability to wow your audience from the beginning. An admissions officer is significantly more likely to keep in mind an applicant who has quite a specific essay written in a special and quirky way. Should you need help to comprehend the many forms of public speaking, and indeed the social relevance of public speaking and why it's so very significant in some caree rs to learn the essentials of public speaking, then you will definitely find much in the 7 Words System that can help you. Why it is necessary to learn public speaking. The perfect way to keep updated with our most recent posts is to like our page on Facebook. The topics you'll find are supposed to get you to select a side, and argue that side with supportive evidence. Make certain you give clear explanations of the things on your list too. Items in a series ought to have a comma after every merchandise. You want to supply sample scenarios, along with other details to drive your point home. It's possible to fill in details and modify the sentence structure after you're clear of what you will need to say. Prior to beginning the true composition of your article, there are a couple of amazing steps which you can take to be sure your article is of the greatest possible standard. Once you have performed all of the prewriting steps, the last part is the true composition of the company essay.

Look Back in Anger Play Analysis Essay - 935 Words

Look Back in Anger is a play about the effects of British society on the citizens of England. Its plot is created around the main character, Jimmy, a tragic person but at the same time, an educated man, who realizes the situation of the country he’s living in and can’t do anything about it. His frustration is built around the tragedy of living in a country that is based on oppression and confidence. He is looking back to the old Empire, hence the title â€Å"Look back in anger†. I am going to discuss the concept of Schkolvsky, Defamiliarization, applied on this play written by John Osborne. Defamiliarization is a technique, found in art, which presents familiar things and actions as we have just discovered them. It has been the main†¦show more content†¦He lacks vision, he’s not a clever person and doesn’t have an opinion on anything at all. If we didn’t know better, at first sight it gives us the impression that Alison is married to Cliff and not to Jimmy, more than that, Jimmy sees that, but he’s not bothered at all. He acts more like a husband than Jimmy does, giving us the example of what we may think the â€Å"family life† really look like. As we all know there has to be a good character in every story, but really, there isn’t one person in this play that has the qualities. The relationship between Jimmy and Cliff seems to be a very strange one. Jimmy mocks Cliff for his education and they even start a fight, which ends by hurting Alison. Here we find what seems to be Jimmy’s only sign of love towards Alison. He realizes that what he did, has harmed Alison and he apologizes, but Alison asks him to leave the room. Left alone, we observe a certain relation between Cliff and Alison, that doesn’t look like friendship, but more like love. As Cliff takes care of her wound, she confesses to him that she is pregnant. Here, the author defamiliarizes the idea of pregnancy, that means joy in most of the cases, but Alison thinks that she shouldn’t tell Jimmy because he may think that she only wants to trap him in her life. She also confesses to him about the wedding night. We may think that their relation may have been good at the beginning, that somehow, they loved each other. From what AlisonShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis : Finding Forrester1447 Words   |  6 Pageseyes as a motif. Throughout the analysis of eyes, one can conclude that the director embed ded this element into the movie in order to reveal the characters’ inner emotions and to reveal character development. Throughout the course of the movie there are several instances in which eyes and eye contact reveal affection and admiration. For example, when Jamal talks to Claire it is evident that there is flirtation and admiration between them based on the way Jamal looks at her. On the other hand, theRead MoreAnalysis of the Poem Barbie Doll Written by Marge Piercy (1973).1408 Words   |  6 PagesShort Composition Analysis of the poem ‘Barbie Doll written by Marge Piercy (1973). This girlchild was born as usual And presented dolls that did pee-pee And miniature GE stoves and irons And wee lipsticks the color of cherry candy. Then in the magic of puberty, a classmate said: You have a great big nose and fat legs. She was healthy, tested intelligent, Possessed strong arms and back, Abundant sexual drive and manual dexterity. She went to and fro apologizing. Everyone saw a fat nose on thickRead More The Middle East: Conflict in Journalism Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesattempt at analysis or interpretation. Newspapers and magazines. An academic course-training students in journalism. Written material of current interest or wide popular appeal. There has always been biased coverage of conflicts in the world, and it seems to me that the older the media and news agencies become today, the more biased and one sided they seem to be. I’ve always thought that Journalism has a set of ideals, or guidelines, that all journalists should follow. Look at partRead MoreThe Cisaro Ceremony for the Kaluli People1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe identity of these loved ones reincarnated in the Kalo bird after which they are dressed. As they perform, the members of the group who have experienced the loss grow largely emotional and angry, taking out their anger by plunging torches into the shoulders of the dancers to get back at them for causing such heartache. Though the fired torches pierce their skin, the dancers do not react and continue their performance long into the night – often for hours at a time. The following day, almost as aRead MoreSocial Information Processing And Hostile Attribution Bias Theory Essay14 83 Words   |  6 PagesFactors Related to Social Information Processing and Hostile Attribution Bias Theory Tiffany L. Williams Post University Abstract This paper looks to examine several sources of research related to the development of aggressive behaviors, and criminality. The purpose of this is to assess several of the factors associated with aggression and criminal behaviors. The paper will focus on Crick and Dodge’s model of Social Information Processing, with specific emphasis on Hostile Attribution Bias theoryRead MoreThe True Cause Of Violent Behaviors1613 Words   |  7 Pagesgames have been labeled as violent and 42% of adolescents play them (â€Å"Children and Video Games†). These violent video games are a major problem in the United States and across the globe. Violent video games have a direct correlation with negative behaviors because they increase anger and aggression in young people, decrease prosocial behavior, and have unfavorable effects on a teens daily life. Violent video games increase violent behaviors: anger and aggression in teenagers. Adolescents’ relationshipsRead MoreWilly Lowman s Death Of A Salesman962 Words   |  4 Pagesthreat to his pride. The mere thought of Charlie offering Willy a job, a local job, with no travel, Willy snaps â€Å"I don’t want your goddam job!† (Miller 000) What’s so bad about a local job with no travel? Change! Like a child, Willy responds with anger and rage simply because he fears change. When it comes to Willy’s references to the American dream, Tyson captures it best: â€Å"[f]or the American dream serves as the ore from which Willy fashions the ideological armor he uses to disguise and deny hisRead MoreAn Analysis of the Dramatic Qualities of Act 3 Scene 1 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1728 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of the Dramatic Qualities of Act 3 Scene 1 of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Act 3 scene 1 is very effective because of where it is placed in the play. We have just ended on a happy note in Act 2. Friar Laurence wanted to unite the Montagues and the Capulets. So we have a scene full of love and joy, the wedding between Romeo and Juliet. This is a great contrast as what comes in the next scene is quite the opposite. Everything that has been beforeRead MoreSigmund Freud s Frankenstein 1299 Words   |  6 Pagescontend that the human’s behavior is affected by their unconscious that was driven by desires, fears, needs and conflict that they are unware of; he explained the definition of the uncanny which is â€Å"the uncanny is that class of the frightening which lead back to what is known of old and long familiar.† One can see the relation of the uncanny to May Shelley’s Frankenstein, the monster that was created by the character named Victor Frankenstein was greeted with fear by the people he meets. The monster’s treatmentRead MoreTrue Love By Wislawa Szymborska876 Words   |  4 Pagesthe speaker has strong feelings with the thought of love; however, with further analysis of the diction, tone and word choice we can see her aspiration and fight for true love. Reading through â€Å"True Love,† he speaker has evident and bleak feelings towards love by stating, †Look at the happy couple./ Couldn’t they at least try to hide it,† or â€Å"it’s obviously a plot behind the human race’s back!† With further analysis on Szymborska, she had complications with her relationships and true love as well