Crime And The Built Environment Criminology Essay

Crime And The Built Environment Criminology Essay This research proposal of the theoretical comprehensive based study will explore the relationship between the built environment and crime. Due to increasing urbanization of the world and better data collation techniques coupled with most of the worlds populous being policed by varying degrees of law and order organizations such as the police or religious volunteers, the collation of crime statistics has reached a level of recording and sophistication not afforded to many other human actions. Invariably due to urbanization most crimes take place in the built environment and this has given rise to theories by social researchers, urban planners and politicians which explicitly imply that the built environment has got a part to play in criminal activity. The two statements below underline this thinking by those who have carried out research in this area. The physical environment can exert a direct influence on crime settings by delineating territories, reducing or increasing accessibility by the creation or elimination of boundaries and circulation networks, and by facilitating surveillance by the citizenry and the police. Angel (1968) Historically, social scientists have argued that human behaviour is, to a large degree, a response to environmental conditions. Recently, a group of criminologists posited a direct relationship between certain environmental structures and reported crime rates. Studies exploring this area have pointed to the association between crime rates and high rise residences as support for their position.Using victimization techniques, the experiences of residents of several high and low rise structures in a traditionally low crime area such as the college campus were investigated..Although causality cannot be inferred from the findings, a positive association was observed between high rise areas and property crime rates. (Bynum pages 179-180) This proposal seeks to look at the connection between the built environment and crime by taking three subheadings to act as the aims of the research and act as a pole so that the proposal does not veer off the aims and objectives. The concept map (appendix 1) has focused the research and given the objectives and aims the necessary fields from which the aims and objectives can be realised. These three aims are: Cause: Is the design of the modern built environment the high rise blocks, densities of up to 9,639.0/sq  mi, (District of Colombia), the pace of life, no feeling of citizenship between inhabitants, the gap between the rich and poor which is wider in cities than in the countryside a cause of crime. In short the premise to be answered is that does living in a built environment make you more likely to commit a crime. Facilitator: Does the design of the modern built environment afford criminals the opportunity to carry out criminal enterprises. Does the design, dark alleys, maze of streets, blind spots, decreased surveillance by natural sight make it an aide to the opportunist criminal who can take advantage of local knowledge e.g. escape routes and shortcuts. And if the built environment is designed better will it lead to a reduction in crime. This theory has its proponents as is evidenced by the statement below. Jefferys CPTED concept arose out of his experiences with a rehabilitative project in Washington, D.C. that attempted to control the school environment of juveniles in the area. Rooted deeply in the psychological learning theory of B.F. Skinner, Jefferys CPTED approach emphasized the role of the physical environment in the development of pleasurable and painful experiences for the offender that would have the capacity to alter behavioural outcomes. His original CPTED model was a stimulus-response (S-R) model positing that the organism learned from punishments and reinforcements in the environment. Jeffery emphasized material rewards . . . and the use of the physical environment to control behaviour (Jeffery and Zahm, 1993:330). The major idea here was that by removing the reinforcements for crime, it would not occur. (Robinson, 1996) The Human Condition: This premise asks the question that is it just the human condition that is the cause of crime and that crimes will be committed whatever the design of the built environment and that it is the thinking that needs to change as is expounded by: The environment never influences behaviour directly, but only through the brain. Any model of crime prevention must include both the brain and the physical environment. Because the approach contained in Jefferys CPTED model is today based on many fields, including scientific knowledge of modern brain sciences, a focus on only external environmental crime prevention is inadequate as it ignores another entire dimension of CPTED i.e., the internal environment. (Robinson, 1996) The aims above will help to describe the development of the understanding between crime and the built environment, however more importantly they will help to illustrate the difference of opinion in the subject of different practitioners and give the research paper material to further develop, analyse, compare and justify the research. The above aims when researched will lead to answers which are subjective to the reader. The main objectives of this research proposal are: 1) To expand the understanding and broaden the thinking of practitioners of the built environment to views that they would not normally consider such as that human behaviour is affected by more complex internal structures rather than a simplistic approach of blaming external built structures on modes of behaviour. 2) The research proposes to add another dimension to the connection of crime and the built environment and the wider debate, the dimension of ethics, belief and morality. 3) The research aims to test this notion that stronger religious beliefs will lead to less crime by comparing two distinct communities both racially and in religious belief residing in the same city of Birmingham in almost similar built environments. These two communities are the overall majority in each area of the city the first being the ward of Aston and the second being Stechford. The census information and latest crime figures are attached (Appendix 2). Literature Review. The research will revolve around analysing, criticising and defining literature written by a plethora of commentators, researchers and practitioners in the field of the built environment, illustrating how it developed why it still needs to go further and how this research can add to this. The main focus of the literature review will be theories expounded by papers written and books published by the CPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) formulated by criminologist C RAY Jeffrey. As far back as 1968 this theory was studied by Schlomo Angel. The physical environment can exert a direct influence on crime settings by delineating territories, reducing or increasing accessibility by the creation or elimination of boundaries and circulation networks, and by facilitating surveillance by the citizenry and the police. (Schlomo Angel, 1968) Other commentators added to this by saying: Historically, social scientists have argued that human behaviour is, to a large degree, a response to environmental conditions. Recently, a group of criminologists posited a direct relationship between certain environmental structures and reported crime rates. Studies exploring this area have pointed to the association between crime rates and high rise residences as support for their position.Using victimization techniques, the experiences of residents of several high and low rise structures in a traditionally low crime area such as the college campus were investigated..Although causality cannot be inferred from the findings, a positive association was observed between high rise areas and property crime rates. (Bynum 1984) However the research moved on and new literature published opened up new ideas and thinking into the subject. The CPTED model evolved and the new thinking was that: The environment never influences behaviour directly, but only through the brain. Any model of crime prevention must include both the brain and the physical environment. Because the approach contained in Jefferys CPTED model is today based on many fields, including scientific knowledge of modern brain sciences, a focus on only external environmental crime prevention is inadequate as it ignores another entire dimension of CPTED i.e., the internal environment. (Robinson, 1996) In a space of less than thirty years the whole thinking has changed and the recognition that not only the external environment needs to change but internal changes need to take place. However the internal environment under examination needs to be further developed in the sense that how the internal environment i.e. beliefs resulting in better morals and ethics can help to prevent crime in the built environment. This research will be making a start in this new field. METHODOLOGY The main core of the research will consist of reference to secondary sources thus the research will take on a quantitative nature. Qualitative research has not been ruled out as this is an area with limited knowledge. This will take place in the form of a primary approach to the research by interviewing one of the 13 Crime Prevention Design Officers employed by the West Midlands Police and conducting the interview on the basis of gauging personal experience of crime in architecturally similar neighbourhoods populated by distinct communities who believe in and operate within the confines of separate moral and ethical value systems which may be very similar but adherence is stricter in one community than the other. This research can be viewed as exploratory in nature. (Naoum 1998) Interrogation and comparative analysis West Midlands Police crime statistics and also census statistics of the two wards selected will establish where there is a difference and ask why, is there is a certain religious prohibition is one community that doesnt t exist in the other. Problems in this type of research are that the reliability of the data can be questioned or the recording method of crime statistics can be questioned or for that argument the recording method of any set of statistics (Kumar 2005) however due to the strict guidelines under which this date is collated there is little danger of that. Conclusion The research will develop via an extensive reading list and research on not just planning and built environment but also crime how its increased and how religious belief is on the decrease. The research will initially be a desk based exercise and the primary research aspect will come into the study when the 3rd notion is written on and the input of the Crime Prevention Design Officer is included in reference to an interview which will ask for expansion of explanation on crime figures of the two neighbourhoods. The research findings may prove to be controversial if the notion tested is correct however the main problem is to present the information in a concise manner which will give rise to further enquiry. Findings should give impetus to researchers to conduct research on a wider basis i.e. comparing crime in urban environments in New York and New Delhi for example. The main tasks to be completed can be viewed on the Gantt chart attached (appendix 3). The main crux of this study and the overall aim is to add another dimension to the debate in the guise of a moral and ethical dimension to the built environment and crime. The findings once established will either reinforce the current view that crime in the built environment can only reduce by better and intelligent design, or it will give credence to the new ideas that you cannot simply design your way out of crime in the built environment but something more fundamental, the human condition needs to change and that crime prevention by environmental design (CPTED) although useful is not the final answer.

Promote equality and inclusion in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings Essay

1. Explain what is meant by Diversity, Equality and Inclusion Equality Equality is the term for treating people fairly and offering the same chances, it’s not all about treating everyone in the same way, but recognising everyone is different, and they all have very different needs, but making sure they are met. These different needs could be race, age, physical health, mental health, gender, sexual orientation, beliefs and creeds. In the workplace, there are many service users, 13 altogether, and each of them have a variety of needs. Some with dementia, others with epilepsy, a group of down syndrome, people of the age of 20 rights through to 70, people with diabetes. DiversityWhere equality is about recognising differences, diversity is about valuing these differences, for example not to along ago a service user came in on respite, he was of an Islamic background. With this there were certain values that came part and parcel of the religion, these were the consumption of Halal meat, praying five times a day and wearing specific clothing. InclusionInclusion is the term used to define the ability to adapt and place measures so that everyone, no matter what their needs are they can participate. see more:equality and diversity in health and social care Many service users hope and want to lead extremely active lifestyles. So with regards to an activity such as the gym, as part of our responsibility 2. Describe the potential effects of discrimination To see the possible effects of discrimination fully, it’s best to look at how it affects from a holistic perspective. With regards to discrimination affecting physical health, this can be a by product of stress and depression. A lot of physical problems can be stress induced such sleeplessness and from this you can end up with a lack of energy, headaches, ulcers. Depression can affect eating habits, getting into the routine of comfort eating; this then would cause weight problems. For those suffering from severe depression it can lead to self harm. From this you can get a massive lack in confidence in one’s own ability, this can then begin to impede on emotional aspects and mental well being. One can almost feel that they lack a voice or authority, a feeling of people unwilling to listen to them. Inducing low self esteem, insecurity, lack of confidence and sudden changes in behaviour. Social effects can include isolation, lack of friends, withdrawing one’s self from society, unrecognized as an individual, feel like a stranger and inability to build relationships. If being discriminated against, the intellectual effects can be massively restricted; this could be a lack of access to education, leading to poor grades in exams or portfolios, a loss of motivation which can impede a wide variety of skills and a lack of self belief. 3. Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity As my role of activities co-ordinator it is absolutely vital that the service users like you or I have the same opportunities. One activity where the organisation is clearly demonstrating is a club called Gresford Scottish Bowls. This club is unique in the sense that there are only about 3 in the UK. However it is not an exclusively LD group. The club opened its doors to about 5 service users. It is a game intricate skill, now it is very rare, and I have had lots of problems with group allowing service users to join. The service users have taken to it very well, one is a sub-skip of a team, one service user won the singles championship. By allowing them this opportunity it breaks the negative barrier held by mainstream society and in this example by including them they have an equal opportunity, and demonstrate that they are more than capable of holding their own. Another example is getting two service users enrolled into the local college, it is a basic human right that every human is allowed to have an education. Though specific measures need to be taken, such as support staff, assistance with the work, they get that equal opportunity. On a larger scale however, the organisation has just taken a massive step forward. This is to do with the funding for one on one hours. The manager has managed to gain equal one on one hours for every service user. This means that for once in the organisations existence they can provide an equal service, to each individual and the will all have an equal amount of support. This is demonstrates inclusive practice leading to equality, however each set of hours can be different for each service user which embraces diversity.

General Essay Topics with Answers: No Longer a Mystery

General Essay Topics with Answers: No Longer a Mystery The essay questions are broken up into common PTE Essay writing. There are a few commonalities across each one of the essay prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the fact that each and every task asks you to take a look at some type of argument and analyze it. Unlike in different essays, writing narrative essays enable the writer to use a very first person point of view as it is based on personal experiences. Perhaps, writing argumentative essays isn't that an effortless endeavor. You first have to ascertain the reason behind your essay, before it is possible to write persuasive content about it. The following thing is to find out more about the material for your company essay. You will obviously not have the capacity to predict the specific topic that will come up. If you're genuinely interested in a topic then it is a lot simpler to study and you aren't as likely to stop. Essay writing is definitely thought to be part of academic life and essay writing demands certain abilities or the area of the writer. Essay plans can be useful in reminding you of important points that may be used to cover in your essay. Then your thesis should outline precisely what you feel about the issue. If there's absolutely no disagreement concerning a subject, there isn't any point in writing a persuasive essay. The point is that someone with a wide ranging vocabulary needs to be in a position to chat about any of the typical essay topics easily using words that are particular to that topic. There are different ways of writing an essay but the fundamental structure stays the same. At that stage, you can begin writing full length practice essays. What Everybody Dislikes About General Essay Topics with Answers and Why You're basically attempting to win acceptance of your ideas from folks who might not necessarily agree with your perception on a specific thing. On the flip side, it's normal for students to use quotations as a sort of cop-out, or a means of avoiding constructing the sort of well-crafted introduction a top-quality essay demands. Be clear in your thoughts about the point that you want to make. The point here is to understand what you're going to write before wri ting it. Not only does bad spelling make you appear unprofessional, additionally, it provides the reader the impression you don't understand what you are speaking about. Ensure your very first sentence demonstrates the good and the terrible things behind your specific subject of choice. Also, make sure to check at the word in a sentence to be mindful of the way it relates to other words. Different significance of a particular word depends upon the group of individuals who uses it. General Essay Topics with Answers and General Essay Topics with Answers - The Perfect Combination To be great at public speaking, you need to have the ability to wow your audience from the beginning. An admissions officer is significantly more likely to keep in mind an applicant who has quite a specific essay written in a special and quirky way. Should you need help to comprehend the many forms of public speaking, and indeed the social relevance of public speaking and why it's so very significant in some caree rs to learn the essentials of public speaking, then you will definitely find much in the 7 Words System that can help you. Why it is necessary to learn public speaking. The perfect way to keep updated with our most recent posts is to like our page on Facebook. The topics you'll find are supposed to get you to select a side, and argue that side with supportive evidence. Make certain you give clear explanations of the things on your list too. Items in a series ought to have a comma after every merchandise. You want to supply sample scenarios, along with other details to drive your point home. It's possible to fill in details and modify the sentence structure after you're clear of what you will need to say. Prior to beginning the true composition of your article, there are a couple of amazing steps which you can take to be sure your article is of the greatest possible standard. Once you have performed all of the prewriting steps, the last part is the true composition of the company essay.

Look Back in Anger Play Analysis Essay - 935 Words

Look Back in Anger is a play about the effects of British society on the citizens of England. Its plot is created around the main character, Jimmy, a tragic person but at the same time, an educated man, who realizes the situation of the country he’s living in and can’t do anything about it. His frustration is built around the tragedy of living in a country that is based on oppression and confidence. He is looking back to the old Empire, hence the title â€Å"Look back in anger†. I am going to discuss the concept of Schkolvsky, Defamiliarization, applied on this play written by John Osborne. Defamiliarization is a technique, found in art, which presents familiar things and actions as we have just discovered them. It has been the main†¦show more content†¦He lacks vision, he’s not a clever person and doesn’t have an opinion on anything at all. If we didn’t know better, at first sight it gives us the impression that Alison is married to Cliff and not to Jimmy, more than that, Jimmy sees that, but he’s not bothered at all. He acts more like a husband than Jimmy does, giving us the example of what we may think the â€Å"family life† really look like. As we all know there has to be a good character in every story, but really, there isn’t one person in this play that has the qualities. The relationship between Jimmy and Cliff seems to be a very strange one. Jimmy mocks Cliff for his education and they even start a fight, which ends by hurting Alison. Here we find what seems to be Jimmy’s only sign of love towards Alison. He realizes that what he did, has harmed Alison and he apologizes, but Alison asks him to leave the room. Left alone, we observe a certain relation between Cliff and Alison, that doesn’t look like friendship, but more like love. As Cliff takes care of her wound, she confesses to him that she is pregnant. 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William Shakespeare s A Play That Presents A Man Haunted...

The 20th of November- a play that presents a man haunted by the memories of his childhood. This performance put on by the Buddies In Bad Times Theatre, found in downtown Toronto, created an intriguing look at the mind of an emotionally troubled man. The plot consists of this man- Sebastian- who has planned a school shooting and intends to fulfill these plans himself. Through a one sided conversation, Sebastian attempts to explain himself and his view of the world and society living within it. Through this paper, it will be proved that The 20th of November successfully convinces the audience that society is not the perfect system it is believed to be. Through the angst and suffering of a confused and troubled man, the depravity of society and the hidden wickedness behind the scenes is demonstrated. Evidence of this message is shown through the judgement seen towards Sebastian, the theatre setup and the resistance/failure relationship displayed between society and individuals presented throughout the play. Judgement plays an important role in this show. Sebastian has been judged for all of his life. These judgements take an enormous toll on him as he grows and develops though. All the judgements within the play prove the broken down mess society is because the reader can relate to the examples. For instance the line, â€Å"Why does it make you feel so good to have the biggest car?† (Noren 13) is very relatable. Everyone may not be able to relate to a car but everyone can relateShow MoreRelatedHAMLET AND ORESTES10421 Words   |  42 Pages07 1 THE BRITISH ACADEMY THE ANNUAL SHAKESPEARE LECTURE 1914 Hamlet and Orestes A Study in Traditional Types By Gilbert Murray, LL.D., D.Litt. Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Oxford Fellow of the Academy New York Oxford University Press American Branch 35 West 32nd Street London : Humphrey Milford THE BRITISH ACADEMY THE ANNUAL SHAKESPEARE LECTURE 1914 Hamlet and Orestes A Study in Traditional Types By Gilbert MurrayRead MoreEmperor of all maladies Essay8098 Words   |  33 Pagesâ€Å"remarkable . . . The reader devours this fascinating book . . . Mukherjee is a clear and determined writer. . . . An unusually humble, insightful book.† —Los An ge le s T im e s â€Å"extraordinary . . . So often physician writers attempt the delicacy of using their patients as a mirror to their own humanity. Mukherjee does the opposite. His book is not built to show us the good doctor struggling with tough decisions, but ourselves.† —Joh n Freema n , NPR The Emperor of All Maladies A BiographyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUnported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example

The Negro Movement Free Essays

Looking back at the history of the culture that has risen from the ashes; one may be quite surprised just how far the African American culture has come. The progression of the African American culture is indeed one to be proud of. From cotton fields to Harlem, â€Å"The New Negro Movement†, sparked a sense of cultural self-determination, with a yearning to strive for economic, political equality, and civic participation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negro Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was a movement that sparked a wide range of advancements in the African American culture. Leaving footprints of great individuals as well as set a path way for future generations to follow; setting a trend for Black greatness. After the American Civil War there was a spark within the African American culture to diminish the legacy of slavery. It started in 1908, with the development of the NAACP (The National Association of Colored People), which led the fight against racial discrimination. What is known as â€Å"The Great migration† in 1914 was the migration of over 500,000 or more Blacks in a six year period; for industry jobs, and overall better opportunities. Blacks were leaving the South headed North in search for something new. This was the escape they longed for from oppressive living and social conditions that threatened life. New York was one of the more appealing states, considering New York schools prohibited separate schools for African Americans. Therefore, education was also made easier for African Americans. By 1819 Harlem, New York had the highest count of Black people in the world. In 1916-17, Hubert Harrison; whom is considered the father of â€Å"The New Negro Movement† established his first association â€Å"The Liberty League†, along with his first newspaper. During the 1920’s and 1930’s, African Americans expressed themselves through Literature, Art, Music, Drama, Movies, and protest. Mr. Harrison encouraged Blacks to expand and improve through education, awareness, and Afro-centric community programs. With â€Å"The Voice† of â€Å"The New Negro Movement† energized the Black community to demand equality. This was in fact the birth of the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance is the name given to the period from the end of World War I and through the 1930’s Depression era. During this time, there were many great literary works to come about. A group of writers produced a great group of Literature. Some of those writers include: Alain Locke, who described himself as the â€Å"midwife† to aspiring young black writers of the 1920s. In a 1925 essay entitled ‘The New Negro’, Howard University Professor of Philosophy Alain Locke described this transformation as not relying on older time-worn models but, rather, embracing a ‘new psychology’ and ‘new sprit’. Central to Locke’s prescription was the mandate that the ‘New Negro’ had to ‘smash’ all of the racial, social and psychological impediments that had long obstructed black achievement. Six years prior to Locke’s essay, the pioneering black film maker Oscar Micheaux called for similar changes. In his film Within our Gates, Micheaux represented a virtual cornucopia of ‘New Negro’ types: from the educated and entrepreneurial ‘race’ man and woman to the incorrigible Negro hustler, from the liberal white philanthropist to the hard core white racist. Micheaux created a complex, melodramatic narrative around these types in order to develop a morality tale of pride, prejudice, misanthropy and progressivism that would be revisited by Locke and others (Rhapsodies in Black: Art of the Harlem Renaissance (London/California: Hayward Gallery, Institute of International Visual Arts and University of California Press, 1997). Black-owned magazines and newspapers flourished, freeing African Americans from the constricting influences of mainstream white society. Charles S. Johnson’s Opportunity magazine became the leading voice of black culture, and W. E. B. DuBois’s journal, The Crisis, with Jessie Redmon Fauset as its literary editor, launched the literary careers of such writers as Arna Bontemps, Langston Hughes, and Countee Cullen(The Birth of the Harlem Renaissance: History Timeline — Infoplease. com). Additionally, there were other aspects of Black greatness emerging from oppression. â€Å"†¦Through their artistry, the literature of this period helped to facilitate a transformation from the psychology of the â€Å"Old Negro† (characterized by an implied inferiority of the post-Reconstruction era when black artists often did not control the means of production or editorial prerogatives) to the â€Å"New Negro† (characterized as self-assertive, racially conscious, articulate, and, for the most part, in charge of what they produced). Landmark texts that marked this transformation and encouraged increased exploration of African American experience through literature included The Book of American Negro Poetry (1922), edited by James Weldon Johnson and The New Negro (1925) by Locke. The short-lived literary magazine Fire!! (1926) also had a significant impact on the literary production because it represented the efforts of younger African American writers (such as Hughes and Hurston) to claim their own creativity apart from older artists (such as DuBois and James Weldon Johnson), as well as to establish autonomy from potential white exploiters†¦ (Trudier Harris-Lopez, â€Å"Forward† Harlem Renaissance, Volume I. Janet Witalec, project editor. Farmington Hill, MI: Gale, 2003 Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition. Ed. Patricia Liggins Hill. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998). The Spiritual Coming of Age was solely for African Americans to express thems elves and exert self-determination. To have a sense of race pride. White Literary establishments became fascinated and began to publish their works. African American Literature has impacted American culture in an enormous way. Their writings have inspired many African Americans to continue the legacy in Literature. At this same time, the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey began his promotion of the â€Å"Back to Africa movement. † Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL), which advocated the reuniting of all people of African ancestry into one community with one absolute government. The movement not only encouraged African-Americans to come together, but to also feel pride in their heritage and race (http://www. biography. com/blackhistory/harlem-renaissance. sp). The Harlem Renaissance was a defining movement within the African American culture. 1929 marked the beginning of the end of the Harlem Renaissance. Due to the economic declines, many prominent writers departed Harlem. Although there was not much time during this period, this era influenced many writers to come. Its great moments in History like this that inspire and influence generations to come. The Harlem riot of 1935 was the final event. The progression of African Americans has come a long way. From slavery to Harlem, and beyond; African Americans have made their mark in History. Shortly after the Renaissance, many came into their own creativity. With the emergences of people like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X, Sojourner Truth, the African American culture has gone far beyond what was imagined centuries ago. Many great musicians from jazz era contributed to the mass music frenzy we see today. With great musicians like Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong, we now have Kenny G, and Boney James. With Poets such as Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston, we have Maya Angelou, and Gwendolyn Brooks. The Harlem Renaissance has contributed too many great works among African Americans. The African American culture has blossomed in many ways. In the beginning of the 1970’s, African American literature went mainstream, and has continued to do well; moreover, books by Black authors continue today to receive best-selling awards. This also marks the era where African American writings were considered as a legitimate genre of American Literature. The Civil Rights movement made a powerful impression on black voices in the 1960s. Baldwin, whose fiction and essays dealt not only with race but sexuality, family, the ex-pat life, and his childhood in the Church, returned from many years in Paris to participate in the burgeoning movement. Many of Baldwin’s most significant works were written in the 60s, including Another Country and The Fire Next Time (â€Å"African American Literature: History, Crossword, Quizzes, Harlem Renaissance, Civil Rights. † Infoplease.  © 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 26 Apr. 2011http://www. infoplease. com/spot/bhmlit1. html). How to cite The Negro Movement, Papers

Elizabethan Poor Laws and the Unworthy Poor free essay sample

Elizabethan Poor Laws and the Unworthy Poor Tara McFadden Indiana University School of Social Work Abstract Beginning in the Elizabethan Era, unworthy poor was a label placed on able bodied people that appeared to choose to not work. They were often treated harshly and in extreme cases, put to death (Shelly, 2011). In today’s society such treatment would be unheard of. The act of even labeling this group of people or other groups is discouraged and even against the NASW’s The Code of Ethics (2008). When faced with the multi billion dollar price tag of welfare, we need to make a distinction of who is worthy or unworthy to receive government assistance. The question arises on how this can be done without impeding the rights of the poor. Elizabethan Laws and the Unworthy Poor Over Four hundred years ago the citizens of England developed one of the first versions of our modern social welfare system. We will write a custom essay sample on Elizabethan Poor Laws and the Unworthy Poor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During this time, the poor were labeled as either worthy or unworthy. Elderly, widows, orphans and disabled were considered worthy poor, while unworthy poor included those that physically could work, but chose not to do so. They were often severely punished for their refusal to follow the expected social norms. (Shelly, 2011). The label of worthy and unworthy poor and controversy over welfare abuse is alive and well today. How many of our unworthy poor are draining our tax dollars for housing, health care and food when they simply choose not to even attempt to support their families? One government agency that assists the country’s poor is Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). In 2010, in the United States there were over 40 million people that received assistance. That is an increase of 29% from 2009 with a total price tag of over 65 billion dollars of tax payer money. How many of these poor were truly in ‘need’ of government assistance? And how do we as a society determine who is worthy or unworthy poor? Describe During this first month in S501, I had the opportunity of expanding my knowledge in many areas of social work through various readings, lectures and videos. The main sources for this reflection paper have been; classroom lectures and skit, The Code of Ethics (National Association of Social Workers, 2008), and the section of the Encyclopedia of Social Work on Social Policy History. The classroom experience that stood out for me was the privilege of being included in an audience participation skit presented by Professors Vernon and Glassburn Larimer It was based an actual town meeting in the Elizabethan period and included in it was how they dealt with their unworthy poor (2011). In addition to these educational experiences, I have my own personal experience of living off of the government for over two years along with my two children. Hindsight now leads me to label myself unworthy poor since I was able bodied, yet unwilling to work. Examine The audience participation skit allowed the class to have a unique learning experience on how a town dealt with managing its citizens including the unworthy poor. It appeared the town leaders kept the problems and solutions simple, if a person didn’t work and was able to, the person was punished. (R. Vernon, S. Glassburn Larimer, classroom skit, September 3, 2011). Curiosity leads me to question if the town officials took into account any other issues that may have interfered with a citizen’s desire to work such as various mental health concerns; depression, anxiety, PTSD, etc. When I printed off The Code of Ethics (National Association of Social Workers, 2008), I was surprised to see that it took 18 pages for it to completely print. The contributors obviously took time and effort in addressing ethics and conduct of social work involvement with the poor. This completely differs from the black and white perspective in the Elizabethan time period. Within my own personal experience, I had spent thousands upon thousands of tax payers’ money because I choose not to work to support my family. I was indulging myself with a life of drinking, drugging and partying. I thought that since I had been a tax payer for over 15 years, I deserved the right to ‘cash in’ on all the tax money I had paid. I made up numerous excuses to caseworkers why I was unemployed, but I simply didn’t want the responsibility of paying my expenses. I simply jumped through the paperwork hoops to receive my benefits. I was never forced to show proof of job seeking or questioned about my substance use. Articulate Learning What did I learn? I learned that placing our country’s poor in either a category of worthy or unworthy isn’t an easy task with all the variables involved. Elizabethan Poor Laws didn’t appear to delve into other explanations for an unworthy poor person not working. In today’s society, it is almost too easy to get government aid if a person does not wish to work especially if the person has dependents. Not enough time is taken to fully screen people and the reasons why they are not working. How did I learn it? The literature assigned, classroom lectures and skit and personal experience provided me with an understanding of trying to compare worthy and unworthy poor. My personal journey gave me first hand experience in being an unworthy person living off of government assistance. I did not want to address my substance abuse issues so that I could find a job and be a productive member of society. Why does it matter? The United States has budgeted $495. 6 billion in total welfare benefits for this fiscal year (Chantrill, 2011). Who knows how many billions are wasted in welfare fraud by those who are taking advantage of benefits, but are able to work. Another concern is that are we truly helping people to overcome their obstacles by simply giving them benefits? Should we focus more on assisting people with substance abuse, depression or whatever may impede their desire to work? What will I do in the future, in light of the learning? Since I had previously abused welfare benefits, I am more easily aped to quickly judge a person who is also receiving assistance. Even in the line at the grocery store, I instinctively tend to look down on someone who is paying for their groceries with an EBT card. In the future, I will remember to not jump to conclusions on a person’s character based if they are currently receiving welfare benefits. As a social worker, I will challenge and assist my clients to conquer their life’s obstacles and fears so that they may become a self sufficient. A brief summary According to the Encyclopedia of Social Work, ‘unworthy poor’ was a label placed on able bodied individuals that choose not to work and follow social norms. It began over 400 years ago with the Elizabethan Poor Laws (2008). This label has continued in our society today, but no longer are these individuals severely punished, imprisoned or put to death. Currently, one problem lies in how do we correctly identify people who would happen to fall into this category without violating their rights.